ISHB Science Day 1: Setting the Equipment

  About Invasive Shot Hole Borers (ISHB)

I am securing the binder clips on a trap near the San Diego River, close to a parking lot.

The polyphagous (paw-li-fa-gus) shot hole borer (try saying that five times fast! If you don't say "short hole borer" at least once, I'll be very surprised.) is an invasive species of beetle less than a couple of millimeters long, that bores holes into trees to lay their eggs. A species of genetic difference but identical appearance is the Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer. Along with ISHBs came a fungus shot hole borers carried, known as Fusarium euwallaceae. This fungus blocks water transport in trees, causing fusarium dieback, a condition where the shoots or branches of plants or trees die from the tip inward. Shot hole borers, however, need this fungus as food after their eggs hatch. This is used as a food source, similar to leaf cutter ants. The tunneling itself also weakens a tree, and as this goes on, invasive shot hole borers can lead to tree death. Some especially affected host trees are the box elder, avocado, even sycamore trees. Experts suggest that shot hole borers arrived through wood shipments from overseas. Using this information, we can prevent further outbreaks. Some things within our control are: buying firewood in the location we will burn it, to prevent transport, and disposing of wood waste properly. SHBs can survive for weeks in cut wood. Therefore, infested wood should be chipped and solarized, kiln dried, or composted. If none of these are done, chips can only be used as mulch.

Symptoms of Shot Hole Borer Activity

 Naturally, the first thing to look for is the entry holes, almost perfectly round, and less than a millimeter in diameter. If this is seen, dark staining or gumming may be seen. A white powdery substance could also be exuded from the tree. Frass could also be seen (looking like sawdust). 

Citizen Science

My mom had heard about this opportunity for citizen science through the San Diego Audubon, a group I have been volunteering with for many years to help the California Least Tern. To read more about my experience, please see my Ornithology Files blog, as well as another Slogs post about this. This event is organized by the US Forest Service in partnership with the SD Natural History Museum. The training  took place in Tecolote Canyon and we were supposed to perform the activity in many locations, each one mile apart from the next. We were to set up traps. There are three main types, the Lindgren/Funnel trap (a large black trap appearing to be made of many funnels stacked on each other, seen in the Guy Fleming trail in Torrey pines), the panel trap (a sticky piece of cardboard type paper that the beetles will fly into (only females fly as the males are tending the nest), and the bottle trap (two bottles stuck together by their caps). The traps we were setting up were the panel traps. Normally, for small areas and precise counts, it is recommended to count visually, but for large areas, traps are more efficient for management. My mom and I learned most of the information above from the training, as well as how to set up the panels. This is the materials list and the procedure.

Materials: 

1. Rebar
2. Conduit pole
3. Metal mallet
4. Sticky panel
5. Lure and ties
6. Gloves
7. Large binder clips

Procedure:   

1. Using the metal mallet, hammer the rebar into the ground until stable
2. Fit the conduit pole over the rebar firmly.
3. Open the trap and fold the other way so the sticky substance is on the outside. Gloves are recommended.
4. Using the ties, attach the lure to the outside (sticky side) of the trap.
5. Fasten the trap around the conduit pole using the binder clips.

 Each pair (I was with my mom) of volunteers had two locations along the river. We were setting up a trap near Fashion Valley mall and another near the San Diego River. Once we reached our locations, the hardest part was finding a location close enough to a host tree but not too close (or the lure will bring them to the tree not the trap) and in soft ground but not too soft. We soon finished setting up the traps and returned the equipment. My mom was mostly doing the malleting and I secured the trap around. We had to improvise in Fashion Valley when we had lost a tie. Luckily, I found one of my hair ties in my backpack and my mom snapped it and used that to tie the lure (my idea)! Sometime in September, we will be checking on our traps and seeing if any vandalism occurred, or if the trap can be fixed. Until then, we are just hoping the rubber band holds! 

The above picture was just near Fashion Valley mall. Though we were given a GPS, we didn't use it as there was a map given to us. As we had left the ties in the car, we used the hair tie to secure the bait onto the trap. In the picture above, my mother has already hammered the rebar and I fixed the conduit pole. I am getting ready to open the trap and handle the sticky side as I am wearing gloves.

Stay tuned for more citizen science posts!

 

Plants with Animal Behavior

CHAPTER 1-DODDER VINE


The Dodder vine is a plant that is attracted to tomato plants. It smells it and it actually spins , finds the tomato plant and then sticks on to it.  It spoilt the tomato plant. A scientist wanted to try an experiment. So what happened was they put an actual tomato by a dodder vine but covered it up so you couldn't smell and a stick with tomato perfume. The dodder vine spun around and went to the stick with the tomato perfume on it.

It proved that the dodder vine follows the tomato plant by smell.

CHAPTER 2 - KNAPWEED and LUPIN

 The Knapweed comes from Europe and it spoils native grass. It releases a chemical that goes into the soil and stops the native grass from growing. Somebody came and saw the knapweed and he brought cattle. That time there was hardly any native grass so they had to eat the knapweed. Unfortunately they don't like knapweed. So they won't eat it. But sheep like knapweed. Fortunately there is a plant that can protect grass from knapweed. It is called Lupin. It releases a chemical that stops the knapweed chemical.

CHAPTER 3 - SEA ROCKETS

The sea rocket acts more like a human. It has a behavior called kin behavior. If it is near one of its siblings or family it would be kind to its siblings (or family). If one sea rocket was planted next to its siblings it would give more space for the siblings' roots. But if it were planted next to a stranger plant, it would fight for space. Dudley and her student Amanda File proved it by planting some sea rockets next to their siblings and some next to the strangers. When they got ready to transplant them, they found that the ones next to strangers had a lot of roots. The ones next to the siblings had less roots.

CHAPTER 4 - DOUGLAS FIR AND FUNGI

With the Douglas firs, there are mother trees and daughter trees. The roots are all connected by fungi. The fungi gets some sugar from the trees and in return the fungi gives the trees some nutrients. Now about the Douglas Fir. A scientist named Simard and her student pumped radioactive Carbon in a mother tree and when they came back to find where all the Carbon had gone, they found that it went through a lot of other trees especially the baby trees. The baby trees got the most Carbon because the babies needed a lot to grow. So it proves that mother trees actually nurture the young.

CHAPTER 5 - WILD TOBACCO

The wild tobacco needs moths to pollinate them. Unfortunately the moths comes and lays hundreds of eggs there. The caterpillar starts eating the tobacco.The tobacco produces a sugary thingy that caterpillars love and when they eat them they start smelling badly and predators come and eat the caterpillars.

CHAPTER 6 - JOKES

1. WHICH PLANT HAS A MOTHER?
the dodder ("daughter") vine

2. WHICH PLANT IS LAZY?
the knapweed ("nap" weed)

3. WHICH PLANT IS A GREAT GYMNAST?
the lupin ("loop" in)

4. WHY IS THE MUSHROOM POPULAR?
because it is a fungi ("fun guy")

5. WHICH PLANT GOES TO OUTERSPACE?
the sea rocket

6.  WHICH PLANT IS FUZZY?
the douglas fir (the douglas "fur")